Evolution Depends on Both Inheritance and Selection

Evolution depends on both inheritance and selection (Arnold, 1994). Heritable traits having some advantage to an organism must be passed on from one generation to the next. As a result, the organisms that have inherited these traits will be better suited for survival in a specific environment. In other words, the ability for an individual to survive is not enough to fuel evolutionary progression- there must be reproduction taking place as well (Figure 1). Animal species that reproduce sexually have developed mating systems that allow them to produce the most successful offspring possible. To produce successful offspring, individuals choose a mate based on the characteristics that will be passed on to their young. Mating systems have developed by organisms learning to recognize which potential mates possess traits that would be beneficial to future generations. Individuals chose their mates based on many factors, two of the most important ones being the physical characteristics and territorial acquisitions of the potential mates (Vehrencamp and Bradbury 1984). Both of these factors that influence mate choice are examples of sexual selection existing in nature. The theory of sexual selection revolves around the assumption that some members of a species are born with a genetic makeup that allows them to have a mating advantage over other members of that species. This mating advantage comes from the individual possessing traits that are m ore desirable by the opposite sex, as farShow MoreRelatedCharles Darwin s Theory Of Inheritance Of Acquired Characteristics1197 Words   |  5 Pages Evolution has been a very debatable topic since the theory of evolution first evolved. By definition, evolution is â€Å"the process by which different kinds of living organism are believed to have developed from earlier forms during the history of the earth†, but there are many different types of â€Å"evolution† such as coevolution, divergent, parallel and convergent – all with different theories. Jean Baptiste Lamarck was a French naturalist who invented the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristicsRead MoreNatural Selection Is The Outcome Of Inheritance, Variance, And Differential Reproduction1461 Words   |  6 PagesNatural selection is the outcome of inheritance, variance, and differential reproduction and can operate at many if not all levels of the taxonomic hierarchy (Bergstrom Dugatkin, 2012). If the level meets the requirements of natural selection, it may be acted upon. Natural selection can vary in the force of selection between each level in the hierarchy and depends highly on the amount of units within the level. The higher the taxonomic level the less units, less variation and multiplication thatRead MorePerspectives of Psychology1141 Words   |  5 Pages This filed of psychology is concern on how evolution overtimes, creates physiological responses from people. Like the biological perspective, this field of psychology is concern with the influence of genes shaping people’s behavior. The major difference between the two perspectives is that the biological perspectives, places more emphasis of environmental factors, that influence behaviors.. The evolutionary perspective holds that natural selection impacts people’s behaviors and thinking, and weRead More2B study guide Essay7886 Words   |  32 Pagesevenness: degree to which species are equally abundant, measure of species diversity that reflects the distribution of the species’ abundances in a community -Species richness: # of species overall in a region -Species diversity: combination of both evenness and richness- number of different species that are represented in a collection of individuals 4. What would be the effect on an ecological community’s species diversity of tripling the number of individuals of the most common species? Read MoreDolphin Foraging Techniques Essay examples1358 Words   |  6 PagesBottlenose Dolphins’ respiratory system, and that variation may have lead them to utilize sea sponge as foraging tools. In past studies dolphins that â€Å"sponge† have appeared to be from the same ancestress, or female lineage, which gives evidence to both practical possibilities. The first study in the western gulf of shark bay tested a coding region of mtDNA genes, and the other, in the Eastern Gulf of Shark Bay tested HVRI, a non-coding section of mtDNA. However, within the latter study, heritabilityRead MoreA Study Led By David T. Lykken1568 Words   |  7 PagesThrough this long process personality became more and more complex. (Nettle, 2006) In the past people relied on their instincts, which were based on physical state of body, and a great deal of what happens in our body depends on genes, which are responsible for the proteins produced in the body, carrying out chemical reactions and regulating all the physical responses. (Kent, 2013) Therefore the researchers had an appropriate speculation that basis of personality may be genetically inherited. StudiesRead MoreIntroduction to Evolution3680 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction To Evolution What is Evolution? Evolution is the process by which all living things have developed from primitive organisms through changes occurring over billions of years, a process that includes all animals and plants. Exactly how evolution occurs is still a matter of debate, but there are many different theories and that it occurs is a scientific fact. Biologists agree that all living things come through a long history of changes shaped by physical and chemical processes thatRead MoreThe Power of Nature and Nurture Essay1562 Words   |  7 Pagesbiologist Ernst Myer explains, â€Å"Thus, since genes never absolutely specify traits, natural selection is unlikely to operate on genes alone† (Moore 162). Natural selection favors phenotypes, not genes. Evolution is pushed by the effectivity, or â€Å"fitness† of a specific trait, which can be coded through countless genes. The argument for nature, or genetic influences, is established by the idea that evolution has selected certain traits for intelligence, personality, and behaviorism that gave human ancestorsRead Moregenetics and heredity1693 Words   |  7 Pagespresent in both sexes but mainly have an effect on one sex (Chest hair, breast size, etc.) Almost all behaviors have both a genetic component and an environmental component. Researchers study monozygotic (â€Å"from one egg†) and fraternal (â€Å"from two eggs†) twins to infer contributions of heredity and environment Researchers also study adopted children and their resemblance to their biological parents to infer hereditary influences Heritability - refers to how much characteristics depend on geneticRead MoreMajor Themes in the Theory of Evolution Essay2101 Words   |  9 PagesMajor Themes in the Theory of Evolution The world around us changes. This simple fact is obvious everywhere we look. Streams wash dirt and stones from higher places to lower places. Untended gardens fill with weeds. Other changes are more gradual but much more dramatic when viewed over long time scales. Powerful telescopes reveal new stars coalescing from galactic dust, just as our sun did more than 4.5 billion years ago. The earth itself formed shortly thereafter, when rock, dust, and gas

Hard Times - 952 Words

.Hard Times In the novel Hard Times, by Charles Dickens, we can immediately see the problems that occurred in England around the times period of the mid 18oos. Dickens shows us how the class system works and what the economy was then and what it would shape out to be. This novel is split into three books, the Sowing, Reaping, and Garnering. In the first book, we can see that it is aptly named because we begin to learn about who the characters are and what they are about. The characters begin to sow or plant their identities, and we can now see the framework of the first book. In the second book, we can see that the characters are beginning to reap what sowed in the first book. They sowed seeds of unkindness, logic,†¦show more content†¦The Father of Economics or Adam Smith, is the creator of An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, which examines the consequences of economic freedom. It also covered the role of self-interest; the division of labor, the theo ry being if everyone does what he or she does best, the society as a whole would become more productive; the function of markets; and the international implications of a laissez-faire economy (Smith, BookIV ChapterII). Dickens also believes that the economic system of nineteenth century England was based on self- interest. We can see this in a conversation by Bitzer as he said, Â…the whole social class system is a question of self-interest (Dickens 267). Bitzers only incentive for wanting to turn in Tom Gradgrind, was to get a promotion in to his spot at the bank. This was the way he was taught and this philosophy was thrown back into Gradgrinds face. Throughout, the novel Hard Times, we can see how Dickens draws a resemblance to the works of Adam Smith and Thomas Malthus. We also learn his viewpoints on certain aspects of life. He makes a mockery of the Industrial revolution, by referring to it as the roaring furnace to Fairy Palaces and the factories to elephants from which belch forth the serpents of death-giving smoke (Dickens 60,65). We also learn, through the words of Blackpool, which he believes that the laws of England are unfair to the poor working man. As seen whenShow MoreRelatedDickens Hard Times1535 Words   |  7 PagesDickens’ Hard Times â€Å"Now, what I want is, Facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing but Facts. Facts alone are wanted in life.† (Dickens, 1854, p.1) With these beginning sentences of the novel â€Å"Hard Times†, Charles Dickens has made readers doubt whether it is true that facts alone are wanted in life. This question leads to the main theme of the story, fact against fancy, that author has never been written this kind of plot in his other stories before. In fact, Hard Times is considered as theRead MoreHard Times Bounderby800 Words   |  4 PagesJosiah Bounderby falsely claims his success in life was a result of his hard work and never receiving help from anyone in Charles Dickens’ Hard Times. Claiming to be a self-made man grants Mr. Bounderby wide admiration in Coketown, with the exception of Tom and Louisa Gradgrind and Mrs. Sparsit, who perceive him to be an insolent person. Tom mirrors   Mr. Bounderby’s selfish and hypocritical personality, but blames the old man for his rigid upbringing. Louisa cannot admire Mr. Bounderby while he shamelesslyRead MoreIntroduction to Hard Times2041 Words   |  9 PagesThe shortest of Dickens novels, Hard Times, was also, until quite recently, the least regarded of them. The comedy is savagely and scornfully sardonic, to the virtual exclusion of the humour - that delighted apprehension of and rejoicing in idiosyncrasy and absurdity for their own sakes, which often cuts right across moral considerations and which we normally take for granted in Dickens. Then, too, the novel is curiously skeletal. There are four separate plots, or at least four separate centresRead MoreCharles Dickens Hard Times For These Times1074 Words   |  5 Pagesthe course without straying from it. If you do, you are considered broken. Yet, what exactly is the point of mindlessly walking the same path as everyone else, only to constantly find yourself memorizing empty facts over and over again? In Hard Times for these Times, Charles Dickens embodies the consequences of an absolutely factual world: blindness, imbalance, and nonfulfillment. Through the convoluted storie s of the opposite worlds, Sissy’s journey to becoming a jewel of balance, Louisa’s tragic fightRead MoreCharles Dickens Hard Times971 Words   |  4 PagesIn Hard Times, Dickens presents life philosophies of three men that directly contradict each other. James Harthouse sees one’s actions in life as meaningless since life is so short. Mr. Gradgrind emphasizes the importance of fact and discourages fantasy since life is exactly as it was designed to be. Mr. Slearly exhibits that â€Å"all work and no play† will make very dull people out of all of us. He also proclaims that one should never look back on one’s life and regret past actions. Dickens is certainlyRead MoreCharles Dickens Hard Times1494 Words   |  6 Pages May 1, 2015 Mr. Johnson Literature Dickens Calls for Desperate Measures in Hard Times â€Å"I want to change the world.† How many times is that line heard from small children, aspiring to be someone who achieves their maximum potential? If a child is asked how they might go about doing so they might respond with an answer that involves a superhero or princess who helps people for the greater good. As one grows and adapts to their surrounding society, the art of seeing the big picture includingRead MorePresentation of Conflict in Hard Times1343 Words   |  6 PagesDiscuss the presentation of confict in the texts that you have studied In â€Å"Hard Times† by Charles Dickens, conflict is presented as the outcome of industrialisation, material prosperity and a strict utilitarian way of life. In the 1850’s when the novel was written in instalments in ‘Household Words’, Victorian England was in the age of reform, which was creating new tensions between social classes, and creating a new type of ‘master’ represented by characters such as Mr. Gradgrind and more particularlyRead MoreHard Times By Charles Dickens1502 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel, Hard Times by Charles Dickens, concentrates on the Gradgrind family; of Mr. Thomas Gradgrind, his daughter Louisa, and son Thomas Jr. A major theme of friendship is portrayed in the books through the character of Mr. Gradgrind as he struggles with the idea of friendship between other characters. According to the Nicomachean Ethics, by Aristotle, it explains a detailed account of friendship and what it is to be a friend to others. In compari ng the character Mr. Gradgrind in Hard Times, to theRead MoreUse of Exaggeration in Hard Times1545 Words   |  7 PagesDickens has cleverly used exaggeration in Hard Times, in the form of caricature and farce to criticize the theory of utilitarianism; the popular way of living in the Victorian age. Utilitarianism comes under the theory of consequentialism which dictates that one should always judge an action from its consequences, and follow the course which benefits the majority. By exaggerating his characters he essentially uses them to represent varying views on utilitarianism; ie; what it implies not only asRead MoreDickens Symbolism in Hard Times4703 Words   |  19 PagesHard Times Symbolism, Imagery Allegory Sometimes, there’s more to Lit than meets the eye. Fairy Palaces and Elephants (a.k.a. Factories and the Machinery inside them) This one is from the narrator and runs throughout the novel: the idea that the ugly, square, fact-based, oppressive mills look like fairy palaces with elephants in them when they are lit up at night. The image first pops up as something a person riding by Coketown in a fast-moving train might say – in other words, someone who

THE NATIONAL TOBACCO STRATEGY Free Essays

Facts about harm associated with tobacco and contact information for quit programs provide access to information and support School education programs that focus on assertiveness skills, academic success and developing a negative attitude to smoking all help young people to modify personal behaviors and enhance skills that will be protective against smoking in future Quitting service Creating Supportive environments: Promotion of smoke free messages and regulation of place creates a variety of physical and social support structures accessible to individuals Frightening media campaigns â€Å"every cigarette is doing you damage† maintained powerful antismog attitude in the with advertising of pharmaceutical products, such as nicotine patches, the urgency to quit is implemented by the sense of having a solution readily available. Most indoor and public places are smoke free, providing safe physical and social environments for people to work and interact socially. Non-health initiatives like housing, counseling and anti-violence strategies reduce stress and anxiety that might lead to smoking. We will write a custom essay sample on THE NATIONAL TOBACCO STRATEGY or any similar topic only for you Order Now Employment and training programs to reduce boredom associated with unemployment-?address socio-cultural and socioeconomic determinants which influence tobacco use. Regulation of place of sale aims to eliminate the sale of tobacco products to minors and aka them less visible: hidden behind counters Strengthening Community action Local educational strategies such as peer support and mentoring programs improve self-esteem and the sense of worth among students which can be protective factors against harm from tobacco use. Families and parents provided with safe places for children to avoid tobacco smoke-?parks Reorienting Health services: ‘Lifestyles’ prescription pads are tools used by Gaps to initiate discussions with patients about lifestyle behaviors-?help doctors introduce preventative assuages and recommendations for improving lifestyle behaviors. Building Healthy Public Policy. High levels of taxation on tobacco ensure cigarettes are less affordable, reducing access for younger people in particular Imposition of laws that prevent smoking in most public and indoor environments I. E. No smoking in pubs and clubs Place of drug education in all Australian schools an important cornerstone of public policy. Delivery of anti-smoking messages and development of anti-smoking attitudes as young as possible is critical. How to cite THE NATIONAL TOBACCO STRATEGY, Papers